The Power of Pure CSS - No JavaScript Needed

442

Button Animation

By: pixeldev

body, html {
  width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
}

body {
  background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 95%), hsl(var(--hue) 20% 80%));
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  --hue: 220deg;
  --width: 23rem;
  --accent-hue: 22deg;
  --duration: 0.6s;
  --easing: cubic-bezier(1, 0, 1, 1);
}

input {
  display: none;
}

.switch {
  --shadow-offset: calc(var(--width) / 20);
  position: relative;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  width: var(--width);
  height: calc(var(--width) / 2.5);
  border-radius: var(--width);
  box-shadow: 
    inset 10px 10px 10px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 80%),
    inset -10px -10px 10px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 93%);
}

.indicator {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  width: 40%;
  height: 60%;
  transition: all var(--duration) var(--easing);
  box-shadow: 
    inset 0 0 2px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 15% / 60%),
    inset 0 0 3px 2px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 15% / 60%),
    inset 0 0 5px 2px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 45% / 60%);
}

.indicator.left {
  --hue: var(--accent-hue);
  overflow: hidden;
  left: 10%;
  border-radius: 100px 0 0 100px;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, hsl(calc(var(--accent-hue) + 20deg) 95% 80%) 10%, hsl(calc(var(--accent-hue) + 20deg) 100% 60%) 30%, hsl(var(--accent-hue) 90% 50%) 60%, hsl(var(--accent-hue) 90% 60%) 75%, hsl(var(--accent-hue) 90% 50%));
}

.indicator.left::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  opacity: 0.6;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background: url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZwogIHhtbG5zPSdodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZycKICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluaycKICB3aWR0aD0nNTAwJyBoZWlnaHQ9JzUwMCc+CgogICAgPGZpbHRlciBpZD0nbm9pc2UnIHg9JzAnIHk9JzAnPgogICAgICA8ZmVUdXJidWxlbmNlCiAgICAgICAgdHlwZT0nZnJhY3RhbE5vaXNlJwogICAgICAgIGJhc2VGcmVxdWVuY3k9JzAuNjUnCiAgICAgICAgbnVtT2N0YXZlcz0nMycKICAgICAgICBzdGl0Y2hUaWxlcz0nc3RpdGNoJwogICAgICAvPgogICAgICA8ZmVCbGVuZCBtb2RlPSJzY3JlZW4iLz4KICAgIDwvZmlsdGVyPgoKICAgIDxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSc1MDAnIGhlaWdodD0nNTAwJyBmaWx0ZXI9InVybCgjbm9pc2UpIiBvcGFjaXR5PScwLjUnLz4KPC9zdmc+");
}

.indicator.right {
  right: 10%;
  border-radius: 0 100px 100px 0;
  background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 95%), hsl(var(--hue) 20% 65%) 60%, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 70%) 70%, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 65%));
}

.button {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  width: 55%;
  height: 80%;
  left: 5%;
  border-radius: 100px;
  background-image: linear-gradient(160deg, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 95%) 40%, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 65%) 70%);
  transition: all var(--duration) var(--easing);
  box-shadow:
    2px 2px 3px hsl(var(--hue) 18% 50% / 80%),
    2px 2px 6px hsl(var(--hue) 18% 50% / 40%),
    10px 20px 10px hsl(var(--hue) 18% 50% / 40%),
    20px 30px 30px hsl(var(--hue) 18% 50% / 60%);
}

.button::before, 
.button::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 10%;
  width: 41%;
  height: 80%;
  border-radius: 100%;
}

.button::before {
  left: 5%;
  box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 2px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 85%);
  background-image: linear-gradient(-50deg, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 95%) 20%, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 85%) 80%);
}

.button::after {
  right: 5%;
  box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 3px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 70%);
  background-image: linear-gradient(-50deg, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 95%) 20%, hsl(var(--hue) 20% 75%) 80%);
}

input:checked ~ .button {
  left: 40%;
}

input:not(:checked) ~ .indicator.left,
input:checked ~ .indicator.right {
  box-shadow: 
    inset 0 0 5px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 15% / 100%),
    inset 20px 20px 10px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 15% / 100%),
    inset 20px 20px 15px hsl(var(--hue) 20% 45% / 100%);
}

70

3D Switch

By: Nethan Pogi

/* BY ESTEBAN MAUVAIS
[--=INDEX=--]
/BODY
/GRADIENTS
  /GREEN
  /PINK
  /RED
  /ORANGE
  /BLUE
/BASE BUTTON
/ROTATE
[--=END INDEX=--]
*/

/*BODY*/
body {
  font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}
body, .button:after {
  background: #2c3e50;
}
.ctn {
  display: block;
  margin: auto;
  text-align: center;
}
footer {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 5px;
  right: 5px;
  color: #FFF;
}
footer a, footer a:after {
  font-size: 1em !important;
}
/*END BODY*/

/*GRADIENTS*/
  /*GREEN*/
  .b-green, .b-green:before {
    background: rgba(73,155,234,1);
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(73,155,234,1) 0%, rgba(26,188,156,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-gradient(left bottom, right top, color-stop(0%, rgba(73,155,234,1)), color-stop(100%, rgba(26,188,156,1)));
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(73,155,234,1) 0%, rgba(26,188,156,1) 100%);
    background: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(73,155,234,1) 0%, rgba(26,188,156,1) 100%);
    background: -ms-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(73,155,234,1) 0%, rgba(26,188,156,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(73,155,234,1) 0%, rgba(26,188,156,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#499bea', endColorstr='#1abc9c', GradientType=1 );
  }
  /*PINK*/
  .b-pink, .b-pink:before {
    background: rgba(231,72,234,1);
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(231,72,234,1) 0%, rgba(75,26,188,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-gradient(left bottom, right top, color-stop(0%, rgba(231,72,234,1)), color-stop(100%, rgba(75,26,188,1)));
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(231,72,234,1) 0%, rgba(75,26,188,1) 100%);
    background: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(231,72,234,1) 0%, rgba(75,26,188,1) 100%);
    background: -ms-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(231,72,234,1) 0%, rgba(75,26,188,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(231,72,234,1) 0%, rgba(75,26,188,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#e748ea', endColorstr='#4b1abc', GradientType=1 );
  }
  /*RED*/
  .b-red, .b-red:before {
    background: rgba(234,110,72,1);
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(234,110,72,1) 0%, rgba(188,26,99,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-gradient(left bottom, right top, color-stop(0%, rgba(234,110,72,1)), color-stop(100%, rgba(188,26,99,1)));
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(234,110,72,1) 0%, rgba(188,26,99,1) 100%);
    background: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(234,110,72,1) 0%, rgba(188,26,99,1) 100%);
    background: -ms-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(234,110,72,1) 0%, rgba(188,26,99,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(234,110,72,1) 0%, rgba(188,26,99,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#ea6e48', endColorstr='#bc1a63', GradientType=1 );
  }
  /*ORANGE*/
  .b-orange, .b-orange:before {
    background: rgba(255,193,7,1);
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,193,7,1) 0%, rgba(255,87,34,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-gradient(left bottom, right top, color-stop(0%, rgba(255,193,7,1)), color-stop(100%, rgba(255,87,34,1)));
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,193,7,1) 0%, rgba(255,87,34,1) 100%);
    background: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,193,7,1) 0%, rgba(255,87,34,1) 100%);
    background: -ms-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,193,7,1) 0%, rgba(255,87,34,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255,193,7,1) 0%, rgba(255,87,34,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#ffc107', endColorstr='#ff5722', GradientType=1 );
  }
  /*BLUE*/
  .b-blue, .b-blue:before {
    background: rgba(5,118,255,1);
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(5,118,255,1) 0%, rgba(36,248,255,1) 100%);
    background: -webkit-gradient(left bottom, right top, color-stop(0%, rgba(5,118,255,1)), color-stop(100%, rgba(36,248,255,1)));
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(5,118,255,1) 0%, rgba(36,248,255,1) 100%);
    background: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(5,118,255,1) 0%, rgba(36,248,255,1) 100%);
    background: -ms-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(5,118,255,1) 0%, rgba(36,248,255,1) 100%);
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(5,118,255,1) 0%, rgba(36,248,255,1) 100%);
    filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#0576ff', endColorstr='#24f8ff', GradientType=1 );
  }
/*END GRADIENTS*/
/*BASE BUTTON*/
.button {
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  border-radius: 3px;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: .5em;
  margin: .5em;
  font-size: 2em;
  font-weight: bold;
  transition: all .5s;
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
}
.button:hover {
  text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba(255, 255, 255, .75);
}
.button:hover:after {
  left: 100%;
  top: 100%;
  bottom: 100%;
  right: 100%;
}
.button:before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
  z-index: -1;
  border-radius: 5px;
  transition: all .5s;
}
.button:after {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
  left: 2px;
  top: 2px;
  bottom: 2px;
  right: 2px;
  z-index: -1;
  border-radius: 5px;
  transition: all .5s;
}
.button2 {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin: .5em;
  padding: .5em;
  border-radius: 5px;
  transition: all .5s;
  filter: hue-rotate(0deg);
  color: #FFF;
  text-decoration: none;
}
/*END BASE BUTTON*/
/*ROTATE*/
.rot-360-noscoop:hover {
  filter: hue-rotate(360deg);
  transform: rotate(360deg);
}
.rot-135:hover {
  filter: hue-rotate(135deg);
}
.rot-90:hover {
  filter: hue-rotate(90deg);
}
/*END ROTATE*/

63

Gradient Button with Animation

By: pixeldev

*{
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
body{
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    height: 100vh;
    background: #050801;
    font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
    font-weight: bold;
}
a{
    position: relative;
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 25px 30px;
    margin: 40px 0;
    color: #03e9f4;
    text-decoration: none;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    transition: 0.5s;
    letter-spacing: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-right: 50px;
   
}
a:hover{
    background: #03e9f4;
    color: #050801;
    box-shadow: 0 0 5px #03e9f4,
                0 0 25px #03e9f4,
                0 0 50px #03e9f4,
                0 0 200px #03e9f4;
     -webkit-box-reflect:below 1px linear-gradient(transparent, #0005);
}
a:nth-child(1){
    filter: hue-rotate(270deg);
}
a:nth-child(2){
    filter: hue-rotate(110deg);
}
a span{
    position: absolute;
    display: block;
}
a span:nth-child(1){
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 2px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,#03e9f4);
    animation: animate1 1s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes animate1{
    0%{
        left: -100%;
    }
    50%,100%{
        left: 100%;
    }
}
a span:nth-child(2){
    top: -100%;
    right: 0;
    width: 2px;
    height: 100%;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg,transparent,#03e9f4);
    animation: animate2 1s linear infinite;
    animation-delay: 0.25s;
}
@keyframes animate2{
    0%{
        top: -100%;
    }
    50%,100%{
        top: 100%;
    }
}
a span:nth-child(3){
    bottom: 0;
    right: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 2px;
    background: linear-gradient(270deg,transparent,#03e9f4);
    animation: animate3 1s linear infinite;
    animation-delay: 0.50s;
}
@keyframes animate3{
    0%{
        right: -100%;
    }
    50%,100%{
        right: 100%;
    }
}

a span:nth-child(4){
    bottom: -100%;
    left: 0;
    width: 2px;
    height: 100%;
    background: linear-gradient(360deg,transparent,#03e9f4);
    animation: animate4 1s linear infinite;
    animation-delay: 0.75s;
}
@keyframes animate4{
    0%{
        bottom: -100%;
    }
    50%,100%{
        bottom: 100%;
    }
}

60

Glowing buttons

By: pixeldev

58

Button Hover

By: pixeldev

.flex{
  display:flex;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  justify-content: center;
}
.btn{
  padding: 20px;
}

/* 1 button styles*/

.button {
  border: 2px solid black;
  border-radius: 7px;
  padding:5px 25px;
  text-decoration: none;
  display: inline-block;
  line-height:1.6;
  background: linear-gradient(to right, black 50%, white 50%);
  background-size: 200% 100%;
  background-position: right bottom;
  transition: all .5s ease-out;
}

.button:hover {
  background-position: left bottom;
}

.text {
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 1.6; 
  color: black;
  transition: all .5s ease-out;
}

.text:hover {
  color: white;  
}

/* 2 button styles*/

.button-an {
  display: inline-block;
  border-radius: 7px;
  background-color: #f4511e;
  border: none;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 16px;
  padding: 15px 25px;
  width:75px;
  transition: all 0.5s;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.button-an span {
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
  transition: 0.5s;
}

.button-an span:after {
  content: '\00bb';
  position: absolute;
  opacity: 0;
  top: 0;
  right: -20px;
  transition: 0.5s;
}

.button-an:hover span {
  padding-right: 25px;
}

.button-an:hover span:after {
  opacity: 1;
  right: 0;
}

/*3 btn styles*/

.primary-btn {
  text-decoration:none;
  width: 150px;
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  border-radius: 30px;
  background-color: transparent;
  color: #212490;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight:600;
  padding: 12px 0;
  transition: all 0.3s;
  padding-right: 30px;
  box-shadow: 0 3px 20px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  border: 1px solid #212490;
}
.primary-btn .btn-icon {
  background-color: #212490;
  width: 80px;
  height: 45px;
  float: right;
  position: absolute;
  border-radius: 30px 30px 30px 0;
  right: 0px;
  top: 0px;
  transition: all 0.3s;
}
.btn-text {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 9999;
}
.btn-icon::after {
  content: "";
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-top: 45px solid #fff;
  border-right: 35px solid transparent;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0px;
  left: 0px;
}
.primary-btn:hover .btn-icon {
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 30px;
}
.primary-btn:hover .btn-icon::after {
  display: none;
  opacity: 0.1;
}
.btn-icon i {
  position: absolute;
  right: 25px;
  top: 12px;
  color: #fff;
}
.primary-btn:hover {
  color: #fff!important;
  text-decoration:none;
}

/*4 button styles*/

.st-btn_main:focus,.st-btn_main:hover{
  text-decoration:none;
}
.st-btn_main{
  padding:0 27px;
  height:49px;
  display:inline-flex;
  justify-content:center;
  align-items:center;
  font-size:14px;
  font-weight:600;
  text-transform:capitalize;
  border-radius:7px;
  overflow:hidden;
  transform:translateZ(0);
  color:white;
}
.st-btn_main:before{
  content:'';
  position:absolute;
  top:0;
  bottom:0;
  left:50%;
  width:450px;
  height:450px;
  margin:auto;
  background:#471fac;
  border-radius:50%;
  border:40px solid #0a064c;
  z-index:2;
  transform-origin:top center;
  transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-5%) scale(.4);
  transition:transform .8s,border .7s;
}
.st-btn_main:after{
  content:'';
  position:absolute;
  top:1px;
  right:1px;
  bottom:1px;
  left:1px;
  background:#E49349;
  border-radius:inherit;
  transform-origin:bottom center;
  transform:translateZ(0);overflow:hidden;
}
.st-btn_main p{
  display:inline-block;
  overflow:hidden;
}
.st-btn_main p span{
  position:relative;
  display:inline-block;
  transform:translateZ(0);
  z-index:3;
}
.st-btn_main:hover:before{
  transform:translateX(-45%) translateY(0) scale(1);
  transform-origin:bottom center;
  border:60px solid #0a064c;
  transition:border .8s,-webkit-transform .9s;
  transition:transform .9s,border .8s;
}

/* 5 btn styles */

.glow-on-hover {
    padding: 15px 25px;
    text-decoration: none;
    border: none;
    outline: none;
    display: inline-block;
    color: #fff;
    background: #111;
    cursor: pointer;
    position: relative;
    z-index: 0;
    border-radius: 100px;
}

.glow-on-hover:before {
    content: '';
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #ff0000, #ff7300, #fffb00, #48ff00, #00ffd5, #002bff, #7a00ff, #ff00c8, #ff0000);
    position: absolute;
    top: -2px;
    left:-2px;
    background-size: 400%;
    z-index: -1;
    filter: blur(5px);
    width: calc(100% + 4px);
    height: calc(100% + 4px);
    animation: glowing 20s linear infinite;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity .3s ease-in-out;
    border-radius: 100px;
}

.glow-on-hover:active {
    color: #000
}

.glow-on-hover:active:after {
    background: transparent;
}

.glow-on-hover:hover:before {
    opacity: 1;
}

.glow-on-hover:after {
    z-index: -1;
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: #111;
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    border-radius: 100px;
}

@keyframes glowing {
    0% { background-position: 0 0; }
    50% { background-position: 400% 0; }
    100% { background-position: 0 0; }
}

@keyframes wobble{0%{transform:skewX(0deg)}25%{transform:skewX(10deg)}50%{transform:skewX(0deg)}75%{transform:skewX(-10deg)}100%{transform:skewX(0deg)}}

54

Animation: Buttons Hover

By: pixeldev

52

Button hover with card

By: pixeldev

49

Button – Shadow Pulse Animation

By: pixeldev

<details>
 <summary>Question 1</summary>
 Just use a <code>details</code> and <code>summary</code> tags with a little CSS, no more JS. You can use any text or emoji as caret. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Tempora in nihil, deleniti saepe optio corrupti dolorum perferendis hic iure, maiores quae vitae provident minus, ipsum, aut tempore facilis doloremque rem.
 </details>

<details>
 <summary>Question 2</summary>
 Ipsa veritatis inventore reprehenderit dolorem, officiis. Quaerat doloribus voluptatibus impedit repellat quae perspiciatis nesciunt, recusandae facilis unde fugit et eaque rem voluptatum perferendis libero veniam rerum aliquam eos minima voluptate.
 </details>

<details>
 <summary>Question 3</summary>
 Quisquam, necessitatibus quo dolore sequi suscipit magni, voluptatum debitis, accusantium dolorum officia beatae rerum similique optio saepe vel dicta facere modi, voluptatem culpa expedita quaerat eum reprehenderit dolores. Assumenda, doloremque!
 </details>

<details>
 <summary>Question 4</summary>
 Dolorum quaerat facilis magnam commodi molestiae atque similique hic enim pariatur nulla magni amet iusto soluta nemo alias odit recusandae repudiandae dignissimos, fugit asperiores quia eius necessitatibus iure. Possimus, illum.
 </details>

<details>
 <summary>Question 5</summary>
 Consequuntur voluptate consequatur sed adipisci libero temporibus atque itaque voluptas eos, rerum vero qui. Adipisci illum, molestias commodi unde necessitatibus ea, quod explicabo, deleniti voluptatem aliquam reprehenderit, nobis maiores. Saepe?
 </details>

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Abel&display=swap');
	*{
			box-sizing: border-box;
			transition: 0.25s;
		}
		body{
      font: 18px/1.5 'Abel',system-ui, sans-serif;
			padding: 0 2rem;
			background: #000E;
			color: dimgray;
    }
    h1{
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 3rem;
      padding-bottom: 0.25em;
      border-bottom: 1px solid silver;
      border-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent 20%, darkslategrey, transparent 80%)30;
    }
/*** Specific styles ***/
    details{
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      padding: 1rem;
      border-radius: 0.25rem;
			border: 1px solid silver;
    }
    summary{
		  list-style-type: '✔  ';
      font-size: 1.25rem;
      font-weight: bold;
      cursor: pointer; 
      position: relative;
			outline: none;
			color: silver;
    }
    summary::after{
      content: "🔻";
      padding: 0.5rem;
      position: absolute;
      right: 0.25rem;
      top: -0.5rem;
      color: whitesmoke;
    }
    details[open]{
			background: whitesmoke;
    }
	details[open] summary{
		color: dimgrey;
	}
    details[open] summary::after{
      content: "🔺";
    }
/*** End specific styles ***/
    p{
      color: dimgrey;
      letter-spacing: 1.5;
    }

Buttons

Button

By: pixeldev

Switch

By: pixeldev

Button Animation

By: pixeldev

3D Switch

By: Nethan Pogi

Gradient Button with Animation

By: pixeldev

Glowing buttons

By: pixeldev

Button Hover

By: pixeldev

Animation: Buttons Hover

By: pixeldev

Button hover with card

By: pixeldev

Button – Shadow Pulse Animation

By: pixeldev

Simple Accordion FAQ vanilla CSS

By: pixeldev

Pure css close button animation

By: pixeldev